Bilateral Loan
What is Bilateral Loan?
A Bilateral Loan is a loan agreement between a single lender and a single borrower. It is the most basic and straightforward form of a loan structure, where one financial institution (usually a bank) provides funds to one borrowing entity under agreed terms and conditions.
Unlike syndicated loans, where multiple lenders are involved, bilateral loans involve just two parties, hence the term "bilateral."
Key Features
- One-to-one agreement: Only two parties are involved—one lender and one borrower.
- Custom terms: The loan terms, such as interest rate, repayment schedule, and collateral, are negotiated directly between the parties.
- Simplicity: Fewer legal and administrative complexities compared to multi-lender arrangements.
- Confidentiality: Since fewer parties are involved, the deal is usually more private.
How it Works?
The borrower approaches a bank or financial institution for financing. After assessing the borrower’s creditworthiness, the lender agrees to provide the funds. Both parties sign a loan agreement outlining the loan amount, interest rate, duration, repayment structure, and any security or collateral involved.
Common Uses
- Working capital for small and mid-sized businesses
- Project financing in early stages
- Bridge loans before raising funds through bonds or equity
- General corporate purposes such as expansions, acquisitions, or refinancing
Benefits for Borrowers
- Easier negotiation due to one lender
- Faster approval and disbursal
- Flexible terms tailored to the borrower’s needs
- Greater confidentiality than syndicated loans
Benefits for Lenders
- Closer relationship with the borrower
- Greater control over loan terms and monitoring
- Reduced legal coordination compared to multi-lender loans
Bilateral Loans vs Syndicated Loans
A syndicated loan involves a group of lenders providing a large loan together to one borrower, typically for big projects. In contrast, a bilateral loan is suited for smaller or mid-sized loans where one lender is sufficient to meet the funding needs.
Indian Context
In India, bilateral loans are commonly provided by public sector and private banks to corporates, MSMEs, and infrastructure players. These loans are governed by guidelines from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and subject to credit appraisal and sectoral exposure norms.